普拉多美術館 Museo del Prado

Picasso's painting Guernica arrived in Spain from the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1981, to which it had been temporarily entrusted by the artist himself. The return of the painting fulfilled Picasso's wish that this monumental canvas - created as a commission from the Government of the Republic for the Spanish Pavilion in the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1937 at the height of the Civil War – would eventually come home to Spain once democratic rights had been restored in that country. The return of the painting marked a before and after in the Spanish political transition in a unique way. 25 years later, the Museo del Prado, which initially received and housed the painting, and the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, which now houses it, are joining forces to celebrate this unique anniversary.

The exhibition

Picasso. Tradition and Avant-garde, sponsored by Fundación Winterthur and co-produced by the Sociedad Estatal de Conmemoraciones Culturales (SECC), will be a major retrospective of the work of the most important Spanish artist of the 20th century. It comprises a survey of more than 100 masterpieces created over the course Picasso’s long and active career, which will be shown divided between the principal galleries of Spain’s two leading, national museums. Every stage of Picasso’s career will be represented, allowing for an overview of the most important phases within his oeuvre; from the Blue and Pink periods, to Cubism, the return to order in the 1920s, his relations with the Surrealist movement, the difficult years between the Spanish Civil War and World War II, up to the fertile last decades. The exhibition is a complete retrospective, which, due to the importance of the works included, can be considered of equal importance to other such exhibitions on the artist organised over the past few decades.

Entrance to the exhibition

Only through the Upper Goya Entrance Disabled visitors can enter the exhibition through the Lower Goya Entrance.
Exhibition opening hours Tuesdays to Sundays and public holidays: 9am to 8pm.Ticket offices will remain open up to one hour before closing time. Visitors are requested to start vacating the galleries 10 minutes before closing.Closed: Mondays
TicketsNormal tickets, available for visitors who want to buy their tickets on their arrival at the Museum, from Tuesday to Saturday from 9am to 7pm. Price: 6 € (Reductions and exemptions under current regulations). Free admission: Sundays. A combined ticket is available to visit both Museo del Prado and Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía exhibitions. Price: 10 €

普拉多美術館是西班牙值得引以自豪的美術館，館內所藏均為有名的傑作，被譽為世界少數著名美術館之一。收藏作品以哈布斯及波爾夢兩王朝所收藏者為其主體，此外不斷增購或接受各方人士之捐獻，件數逐漸增加，目前已擁有 3,000 件以上珍貴作品。其中以西班牙派作品哥雅 (Goya) 之作品最多，油畫 114 件，素描 470 件，當中尤以「裸體的瑪亞」、「穿衣的瑪亞」以及「加爾羅斯四世的家族」最出名。 卡洛斯三世曾經設想將普拉多建成世上最重要的自然科學博物館。他命令建築師胡安．德．韋加努埃瓦造一座雄偉的建築用於珍藏和展出科學成果。於是韋加努埃瓦就設計和建造了包括麗池公園內的天文觀測館、植物園和現在的普拉多博物館並于 1785 年通過卡洛斯三世的認可。 普拉多博物館是韋加努埃瓦最重要的一個作品，也是最引人注目的西班牙新古典主義風格的代表。這是一座長型的建築，主體由三部分構成。北部的圓亭是由愛奧尼亞風格的美麗柱子撐起的拱形建築，南部和植物園相連，中部的建築風格使人聯想到羅馬教堂。法國入侵西班牙時，普拉多曾被當作拿破崙軍隊的馬棚。獨立戰爭結束后，費爾南多七世將其改為皇家繪畫博物館，這也是普拉多博物館的第一個官方名稱。在朝向普拉多大道這一側，也就是人們熟知的委拉斯凱茲門，正面是陶力克式的雅典人浮雕，此外還有為歌頌費爾南多七世為保護科學、科技和藝術所做出貢獻而鑄造的雕像和獎章。普拉多博物館建成于 1819 年 11 月 19 日， 1918 年建築師阿爾博斯對其進行了第一次擴建，在博物館的后面新建了兩座亭樓。之後博物館又經歷過兩次擴建，分別是由建築師穆賈魯薩和楚愛嘉．戈伊迪亞負責。普拉多博物館向遊客展示出大量經典藝術傑作：其中不得不提到西班牙兩位重要的藝術家 , 迪耶戈．委拉斯凱茲和佛朗西斯科．德．戈雅和他們的作品《宮娥圖》和《瑪哈》。

米哈斯 Mijas

米哈斯 Mijas（白色城鎮）在安達魯西亞有許多城鎮，仍沿習著摩爾人的傳統，將房屋全部以白色灰泥塗抹，形成了整片山坡上都是白色房子的景象，所以有「白色城鎮」之稱。米哈斯即是其中之一，白色的牆面配上色彩鮮艷、生氣盎然的鮮花盆哉，古樸的石板地，形成一幅最美麗的景緻，是全世界攝影愛好者的最愛。

隆達 Ronda

隆達 Ronda（鬥牛的發祥地）

隆達是那些使安達魯西亞聲名遠播的浪漫傳奇故事的發源地。建築在太加斯峽谷的懸崖峭壁上，一道被稱作 Tajo 的壕溝將這座城市分為新、舊兩個城區，壕溝上所架設的橋樑建於 18 世紀。隆達市到處都是白壁人家，形成奇特的美麗風光。最重要的名勝景點多集中在老城區；新城區擁有一座被視為鬥牛業搖籃的西班牙最古老鬥牛場。


鬥牛博物館 Museo Taurino

西班牙有許多地方有鬥牛博物館，而隆達這座鬥牛博物館依附在『西班牙最古老的鬥牛場』之下，因此顯得特別不同，許多人來到這裡會覺得有些眼熟，瑪丹娜的名曲 TAKE A BOW 就是這個鬥牛場拍攝。鬥牛博物館裡面詳述西班牙的鬥牛史，收集有不同時代和風格的鬥牛海報，並陳列鬥牛士使用的各種刀劍或者名鬥牛士的服裝，其中甚至有一套鬥牛服染有血跡，那位鬥牛士是被牛鬥死在鬥牛場上。從照片、文件、圖書及其他物品上，讓您對於鬥牛有了近一步的了解，也對這種生與死的藝術有更深一層的體驗。

格拉納達 Granada

格拉納達 Granada

阿爾漢布拉宮 Alhambra 及阿拉伯式宮庭花園Generalife

阿爾罕布拉宮是格拉那達最著名的景點，建於 13 、 14 世紀，為摩爾人作為要塞之用的宮殿，堪稱是回教藝術在西班牙的瑰寶。被譽為世上最美麗的阿拉伯式宮殿，分為皇宮、卡洛司五世宮殿、城堡和夏宮 (Generalife) 四部份，皇宮建造得美輪美奐，阿拉伯式的大殿，天花板鑲嵌有鐘乳石柱狀的裝飾，裡面佈滿美麗細緻的阿拉伯雕刻，；夏宮的阿拉伯式花園，青翠的林木，噴泉點綴其中，牆面上爬滿了金銀花的藤蔓，樹蔭下還有長凳供人休息的同時也能享受美景。沿著螺旋狀階梯往上來到守望台，為阿爾罕布拉最高點，可以瞭望格拉那達全景。

@Beginners Guide to Tapas in Granada

哥多華天井 Cordoba Patios

Cordoba is particularly well known for its colourful patios which are opened up to the public in early May and may be visited according to pre-established routes.
The patios are internal open courtyard that form part of the typical architecture of the Andalucian town house. The patio also forms part of the social life of the house being a communal area. The sleeping accommodation and the living rooms are built around the space. Cordoba takes a special pride in its patios and decorates them with flowers.
Patio Contest (4th to 15th May 2005), in which home-owners compete for the prize awarded to the most beautifully decorated patio. The map provided by the Tourist Office will help you find the competing courtyards.
This one is not to be missed for those who love flowers and gardens or are just interested to nose inside the patios of private houses.
This is a serious competition and not an event put on for tourists or visitors from other towns. Almost all the Patios are closed from 14.00 to 17.00 just when the day tripper would visit them.

Josephine Quintero reports

哥多華 Cordoba

哥多華 Cordoba
清真寺 La Mezquita建於西元 785 年，長 180 公尺，寬 130 公尺，由寺堂及種滿柑橘的庭院構成， 是獨特的清真寺和基督教教堂並存的形式 。當時的回教徒為了將哥多華變成一個西方的聖地，接下來的兩個世紀更是不斷擴建，使得它成為當時回教世界最大的清真寺。在 1236 年，哥多華被基督教徒征服後， 為了在大廳的中央建在基督教禮拜堂，必須毀去部分清真寺建築，當時引起爭議，最後查理五世定奪，堅持改建，形成了基督教教堂在清真寺中央的奇特結構。 寺內其中一個殿堂立了 850 根由瑪瑙碧玉大理石及花崗岩裝飾成的圓柱，據說鼎盛時期這裡的圓柱曾多達 1409 根，有「圓柱森林」之稱。自西元八世紀以來，這座建築經歷了多次的改建，融合了羅馬，哥特，拜占廷，敘利亞和波斯的各種建築風格，成為西班牙最美最獨特的建築。

塞維亞 Sevilla

塞維亞 Sevilla（安達魯西亞省省會，卡門的故事發生地，阿拉伯的勞倫斯拍片現場）塞維亞位於西班牙西南方，是安達魯西亞省省會。西元 711 年至 1248 年間，阿拉伯人占領了這片土地，這段漫長的歲月在塞維亞，乃至整個安達魯西亞地區留下了不可磨滅的印記。在西元 17 世紀，塞維亞市迎來了藝術的輝煌時期，誕生了一批著名的藝術家，其中包括著名畫家牟利羅、瓦爾德斯‧雷阿爾和雕刻家馬丁內斯‧蒙塔涅斯等人，他們在這座城市留下了偉大的作品。同時，塞維亞也為世界藝術、文學做出重大貢獻，著名的傳奇人物唐璜 (Don Juan) 、卡門等故事，就是以這座城市為背景而誕生的。堪稱偉大史詩影片之首的『阿拉伯的勞倫斯』，也曾在塞維亞取景，讓這座城市更充滿了迷人的色彩。
ALCAZAR 宮殿 塞維拉的王宮坐落於塞維拉的市中心，大教堂的旁邊。曾經是回教宮殿及西班牙王朝的宮殿之一，是歐洲最古老的皇家宮殿，已被聯合會教科文組織宣布為人類遺產。在同一片地基上還建有一座古羅馬衛城、紀元初年的大教堂、幾座西哥德建築、一座阿拉伯碉堡和建於九世紀的第一座阿拉伯要塞。這座由佩德羅一世下令建造的宮殿將哥德式建築元素與伊斯蘭黏土與灰泥的建築風格融為一體，揉合回教色彩的特點，巧妙地運用陰影迴廊，壁飾毛毯及屋頂的雕花技巧，使得它跟其他其他歐洲常見的宮殿大不相同。其中特別值得一看的有狩獵場、少女園、玩偶園、使節廳。使節廳巨大的金色圓頂建於 15 世紀中葉，非常壯觀。在穆德哈爾式宮殿旁邊的是卡洛斯五世宮，和與之相鄰的王宮花園。王宮花園由阿拉伯人建造，後來被以文藝復興和浪漫主義風格改建。

瑪利亞路易莎公園 瑪利亞路易莎公園由路易莎公主於西元 1893 捐贈，在西元 1913 和 1929 年經歷過兩次整修，公園內的西班牙廣場用磚和陶瓷建成，風格古樸大方，半圓部分的每一端都設有一座塔鐘，一條架設著幾座小橋的水道環繞在廣場之內，景致非常獨特。美洲廣場位於公園南端，由西元 1929 年拉丁美洲博覽會設計的三座建築組成：新歌德風格的皇家館、包含藝術及民間傳統博物館在內的穆德哈爾風格館和銀匠風格館，後者現在被用作考古博物館，是西班牙最好的同類博物館之一。
塞維亞大教堂
已被聯合國教科文組織宣布為人類遺產，這裡原來建有塞維拉大清真寺，後於 15 世紀被拆毀，隨後便開始在清真寺原址上修建大教堂。這座教堂在很多世紀裡一直是基督教世界中最大的宗教名勝建築。大教堂中包括了 5 座帶有寬大交叉 甬道的哥德式殿堂，其主禮拜堂擁有銀匠式風格(帶有複雜的花葉型裝飾)的華麗柵欄和精美絕倫的祭壇裝飾。大教堂於1506年竣工，其中位於聖殿內的銀匠式風格的王室禮拜堂後來被用作費爾南多三世及其被冠以智者稱謂的兒子阿方所十世之下葬處。祭壇上供奉的是塞維亞市的守護神，此外教堂還供奉哥倫布的陵墓。唱經處的長排坐以表現出 穆德哈爾式的風格，連同巴洛克風格的管風琴琴箱顯得既壯觀又豪華。大教堂中還保留了舊清真寺的遺跡─橘園，和城內最出類拔萃的名勝建築希拉爾達塔。希拉爾達塔最初由從古義大利運送來的羅馬石建造，後來被阿拉伯人用磚塊砌成，並在塔樓的立面上加建了阿拉伯風格的網狀裝飾和多拱的馬蹄形窗戶。其後基督教徒又在上面加建了文藝復興風格的鐘塔，使希拉爾達塔融合了回教和基督教雙重風格，成為真正的曠世傑作。

R O Y A L 行程內容

主題一：西班牙璀璨雙城‧
馬德里 Madrid‧巴塞隆納 Barcelona

主題二：熱情洋溢-安達魯西亞‧
佛朗明哥舞‧鬥牛表演‧卡門

主題三：中世紀古城‧
塞哥維亞 Segovia‧阿維拉 Avila‧薩拉曼卡Salamanaca‧托雷多 Toledo‧唐吉軻德風車村

主題四：西班牙美食

主題五：摩爾人的光輝年代‧
塞維亞 Sevilla‧哥多華 Cordoba‧格拉納達 Granada‧隆達 Ronda‧米哈斯 Mijas

Aranjuez

Joaquín Rodrigo Obra: Concierto de Aranjuez, 1940
請欣賞 http://www.epdlp.com/clasica.php?id=480

「阿兰胡埃斯」的释义文/叶登民

毫无疑问，《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》已然是音乐史上不朽的杰作之一，也是吉他音乐最具说服力的代表作。众所周知，在罗德里戈写作《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》之时，马德里皇家音乐院的吉他主任教授马撒（Regino Sainz de la Maza）曾提供了许多宝贵的意见给他参考，而罗德里戈对吉他的认识与了解，也绝大多数都是来自吉他家的介绍与解析。因此，在完成《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》之后，罗德里戈便将作品题献给马撒。此曲于1939年在马德里完成，而在1940年的12月11日由阿南巴利（J.M.Arambarri）指挥马德里室内管弦乐团(马撒担任吉他独奏)做历史性的首演。谈到这里，还有一则故事是关于吉他大师塞戈维亚（A.Segovia）何以终其一生不曾演奏《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》的典故。据说当塞戈维亚得知罗德里戈将《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》题献给马撒之后，心里非常不高兴，因此尽管罗德里戈在1955年又完成了另一首吉他与管弦乐的杰作《贵绅幻想曲》题献给塞戈维亚，但他仍耿耿于怀罗德里戈未将《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》题献给他……不知这个故事是否属实，不过塞歌维亚终其一生不曾演奏《阿兰胡埃斯协奏曲》却是事实。至于曲题中的「阿兰胡埃斯」，是距马德里南方约五十公里处，一个前往格拉那达（Granada）途中闻名的小城。这里原来是一个沙漠中的绿洲，但由于接受了来自地中海温润的阳光与海风，故蕴育出一片繁茂的森林土地。此外西班牙王室卡洛斯一世与菲利普二世都曾在这里兴建行宫，其建筑甚为壮丽，故又有「小凡尔赛」之称。十八世纪之前，这里一直都是王室重要的渡假胜地。（引自古典吉他村

唐吉軻德風車村-Toledan town of Consuega.

西班牙中部風力強勁，當地自古就以風車為主要動力來源，目前風車多集中在康水格拉及克里普塔納一帶。十幾座白色的風車矗立在山丘上，映著湛藍的天，成為當地獨特的景緻。此地也是唐吉軻德小說中的主要場景。康水格拉(Consuega)以南的普艾特拉皮塞有一家客棧，據說即是唐吉軻德受封為騎士的地方。

Windmills of La Mancha

In the novel of Cervantes Don Quichote fought against the windmills of La Mancha. For a few years we had the impression Consuegra was the only place in La Mancha (or even in Spain) where real windmills could be found. In 1992 this was the only place in La Mancha we could find any. Located on top of a hill there are eleven windmills and one castle. However, when we were here again in 1997, we followed a part of the Ruta de Don Quichote and discovered there are lots more. For example, if you go to Campo the Criptana, you will find nine more.
For some reason, you will see a lot of Dutch people both in Consuegra and in Campo de Criptana. You wonder why these people don't go to Kinderdijk in Holland. It's a lot closer (for us it's only 30 km) and it has even 17 windmills. Maybe it's because of the weather.

@Don Quixote Official site:

http://www.donquijotedelamancha2005.com/main.php?L=en

@2005 - 400th Anniversary of Don Quixote de la Mancha

Toledo

Toledo is one of Spain´s most richly historic, cultural and monumental cities. Its urban layout, situated on a hill ringed by the River Tagus, has remained practically unchanged since the end of the Middle Ages, surrounded by walls and formed of a maze of streets which go up, down and across each other. It is a city which lends itself to walking around, following the itineraries which show the main art and cultural sites, or losing oneself among its many nooks and crannies.
Historic city. Registered in 1986 as a Mankind Heritage Site. During its life it has been a Roman town, the capital of the Visigoth kingdom, a fortress of the Emirate of Córdoba, a frontier post of the Christian kingdoms in the struggle against the Arab invasion and, in the 16th century, temporary seat of supreme power under Charles V. Toledo is the guardian of more than two thousand years of history. Its masterpieces are the product of different civilizations in surroundings in which the coexistence of three great religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, was a key factor.
披薩格拉門
建造於16世紀中葉的托雷多城的正門，西班牙國王卡洛斯一世的王徽刻在城門上，兵器院問於前後門之間，院內還有卡洛斯一世塑像，牆上有著一句提辭: 「西班牙之榮耀，西班牙城市之光」，這是西班牙文學大師塞萬提斯對托雷多由衷的讚美之辭。
大寺院
世界第三大、西班牙最大的天主教堂，建築風格融合了哥德式、西班牙式，內部裝潢具備了穆德哈爾的藝術風格，可說是融合多種建築藝術的建築，主堂周遭有22個小祠堂。唱詩室的座椅是西班牙木雕藝術的瑰寶，聖器室現陳列格雷科等油畫家的珍品。

聖托梅教堂
建於12世紀，具有西哥德及穆德哈爾的藝術風格，1586年時班牙早期三大藝術家之ㄧ的葛雷科，為其所屬教會繪製紀念性的宗教大作「歐貴茲伯爵的葬禮」(Entierro del Conde Orgaz)，歐爾佳斯伯爵是教堂的捐助者，畫面表現兩位聖徒出現下伯爵下葬時的天空，背景上的人物也是當時托萊多的兒子及名人顯貴。
諾曼第哥德教堂
西班牙總主教駐紮地，內有畫家格雷哥栩栩如生的數十幅畫作，藏寶室還有珍貴的十三世紀手繪聖經，並有伊莎貝爾女王為籌措軍餉給而給當時總主教的女王王冠。

Segovia 烤乳豬

卡斯提亞的名菜是烤乳豬，用藥草薰乳豬，用盤子切乳豬，之後摔破該盤子乃當地風俗。
聽說Segovia最有名的就是水道橋附近的「烤乳豬」，Mesón de Cándido: Plaza del Azoguejo 5，我們摩拳擦掌、躍躍欲試，準備磨好牙，大啃烤的焦脆的乳豬。餐廳有各式菜色，我們看隔鄰點的一大塊烤羊排，一大盤生菜，半隻烤鴨，每一種主菜都是King size 的，好可怕！我們一直無法決定是否要點烤乳豬？根據別人的主菜尺寸，萬一來了半隻豬怎麼辦？後來我只好問女服務生，到底一客烤乳豬有多大？會不會像烤羊烤鴨一樣呢？她比給我們看，小小的啊！好吧！那就來兩客烤乳豬吧！沒想到來了一塊豬胸肉和一隻小豬腳，誼看到豬腳嚇得一直要退貨，可是每兩盤一定有一隻豬腳，我只好接收，她高興的以為我愛吃豬腳，我則是想說吃不到那一塊無所謂啦！沒想到一口咬下，好腥啊！那一大堆旅遊書上寫的香噴噴的烤乳豬死到哪兒去了？尿騷味那麼重，簡直沒把我們給熏死！外國人實在不善於去腥，我們都快吃不下去了！我好羨慕隔桌那一大盤生菜沙拉，那真是明智的抉擇啊！(摘自 http://cindea.no-ip.com)

Avila

The Walls of Ávila are much more than just a simple instrument of war. In reality, they are like a book; a book which reflects the history of Ávila and its peoples.
More than just explaining the city, the Walls have throughout history been an active and determining factor in the way the urban development of Ávila was configured and in the distribution of the urban space amongst the various social groups which lived here (craftsmen, noblemen, clergy, Jews, “mudéjares” (Muslims permitted to live under Christian rule), vegetable gardeners, and so on). If the visitor carefully contemplates this monument – the most representative of this wise old Castilian city – he or she will perceive, in an original and evocative way, the great questions which have always occupied the minds of the social groups: power, wealth, honour, and more.
“Holy be the name of the walls and gates of the cities and towns” (Alfonso X the Wise, Official Record III, title XXVIII, law XV)

Segovia

Segovia, whose old town and Roman aqueduct are World Heritage, is located on high ground between the channels of the rivers Eresma and Clamores. As well as the famous Aqueduct, a multitude of medieval churches, the Cathedral and Alcazar fortress make up a majestic landscape which dominates these Castilian lands. Its modern Parador is one of the best places for travellers to try the city's most typical dish: roast suckling pig. Segovia is also an excellent starting point for travelling through the province and visiting the palace of La Granja or the Natural Park of las Hoces del Río Duratón, among other options. An impregnable fortress The Alcazar (fortress) of Segovia probably dates back to Roman times, although the first documented record is from the twelfth century. Lying between the confluence of the river Eresma and the river Clamores, the first documented record of the fortress dates back to Christian writings in the twelfth century. It was built on top of a rock, that is testament to its military status. It also served as a residence for Alfonso VIII and this was the place where the Catholic Isabel was proclaimed Queen of Castile. In 1764, Charles II founded the Royal College of Artillery in this location. In the thirteenth century the building took on an air of Gothic elegance thanks to the work of the architects of John II and Henry IV both of Spain. The last architectural phase was done in 1587 by the architect Francisco de Mora, possibly in collaboration with Juan de Herrera, who did the Main Courtyard and the Honour School. The edifice has a number of secret passageways that lead to the river and connect several of the city's palaces together. ADMISSION: Regular: € 2.25. Students: € 1.65. Segovia Schools by request: admission is free. Pensioners and associations: € 1.50. Travel agencies: € 1.95
The Lady of cathedrals. It was the last Gothic cathedral built in Spain Built at the highest point of the town, construction of the cathedral of Segovia began in the year 1525, during the reign of Carlos V. It is in the late Gothic style and was built after the fire in the old Romanesque cathedral in the year 1520. It has a plan with three naves, lateral chapels and a semicircular sanctuary with an ambulatory. The temple, erected according to the design of Juan Gil de Hontañón, possessed three entrances: in the main front is the 'Del Perdón Door, the work of Juan Guas, in the southern front are the 'San Geroteo' and 'San Frutos' Doors. It measures 105 metres long by 50 metres wide and 33 metres high at the main nave. The main reredos is made of marble, jasper and bronze. It was consecrated in the year 1768.

西班牙國營旅館 Parador

西班牙對於傳統人文的刻意保存，也是讓這個國家在觀光方面變得更有看頭的一個原因。將全國九十幾處修道院、古堡、歷史建築改裝成三星級至五星級不等、各具地域特色的西班牙PARADOR國營旅館系統，是一個兼顧了古蹟維護以及觀光產業發展的一個成功例證，更是讓許多外國觀光客留下深刻印象；相關法規的明確約束，加上本地居民對於本身歷史遺產的認同，以及能夠認清這些文化資產實乃當地吸引遊客、得以永續發展的命脈；種種體制與理念的環環相扣，也讓許多分佈西班牙各地、動輒幾個世紀以上歷史的傳統街道，不會遭遇業主漏夜拆除、或是被任意拆毀、改建、破壞的命運。

PARADOR DE SEGOVIA
A PARADOR WITH VIEWS
Modern, welcoming and surprising, this Parador rises up in one of the most monumental cities of Spain, declared a World Heritage Site. From it can be seen the best panoramic view of Segovia. It is moreover an ideal setting to approach the numerous natural spaces of the province. The bedrooms of the Parador are spacious and comfortable, and enjoy splendid views of the city, as does the dining room and the outdoor swimming pool. The very spacious lobby displays modern paintings and design elements, in clear contrast to the simple, circular lines which frame the heated swimming pool. The splendid conference centre stands out, with several living rooms and congress rooms, and the dining room, an extensive display of regional products: 'judiones de La Granja' (beans), Castilian soup and roast lamb or suckling pig in a wood-fired oven.

Burgos

Burgos served as one of the capitals of Castile (Castilla), the historic heart of Spain and was the birthplace of the Spanish 11th Century hero El Cid.'
The city's remarkable Gothic cathedral is a building of exceptional beauty, and one of the country's largest. It is here the the tomb of 'El Cid' lays.
The Old Quarter preserves Renaissance churches and palaces. The San Millan Suso and Yuso monasteries are also worth a visit while in Burgos.
15km east of Burgos there is a totally different attraction- the Atapuerta archeological site. It contains prehistoric tools and bones of the earliest humans in Europe, living some 800,000 years ago.
@Catedral de Burgos - Burgos Cathedral

@El Cid's history

La Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas

"La Monumental de las Ventas" was finished in 1929 and two years later, June 17th 1931, a charity bullfight was held with a sell-out capacity to inaugurate it. This inaugural bullfight was presided, in the main box, by the President of the 2nd Republic, Mr. Niceto Alcala Zamora, helped by ex-bullfighters Rafael Guerra "Guerrita", Antonio Fuentes, Vicente Pastor, Ricardo Torres "Bombita", Rafael González "Machaquito", Manuel Rapela "Bienvenida" and Antonio Guerrero "Guerrerito". The bullfighters who were part of the "cartel" that day were Diego Mazquirán "Fortuna", Marcial Lalanda, Nicanor Villalta, Fausto Barajas, Luis Fuentes Bejarano, Vicente Barrera, Fermin Espinosa "Armillita" and Manuel Mejias "Bienvenida". The first bull in the new bullring was "Hortelano", from Duque de Veragua (Juan Pedro Domecq now); Telesforo Aguilera "Aguililla" punished the first bull with the lance, and Alfredo Gallego "Morato" was the first "banderillero". The municipal band gave a concert while people arrived at the arena, the "pasodoble" "España cañi", from Marquina, being the first song played in the new bullring.
However, this bullfight proved that the space surrounding the bullring was obviously not big enough. However this problem was not solved until 1935, when the first bullfighting season took place as normal. The Civil War stopped the season until May 24th 1939, with an extraordinary bullfight with six bullfighters: Marcial Lalanda, Vicente Barrera, Pepe Amoros, Domingo Ortega, Pepe Bienvenida and "El Estudiante".
La Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas is divided in a ring or "arena", and a group of dependances called "patios". Its architecture is mozarabic, with pottery incrustations with the shields of the different Spanish provinces on them. The "arena" has a diameter of 60m. The seating capacity is divided in 10 "tendidos" (group of 27 rows around the "arena"), some of them in the shade and the rest in the sun. The prices of the tickets are more expensive in the shade and in the rows which are nearer to the "arena" or crowned by bleachers, gradins, boxes and covered grandstands.
In the 10th "tendido" there is the Official Box, where the President (the authority who directs the show and guarantees its normal development), the Civil Governor, the Mayor, the advisor and the duty vet sit during the show. The Royal Box is of outstanding design, with its arabesque architecture. It has a box and an anteroom to the box, a complete bathroom and a lift situated in the lateral entrance to the bullring. Opposite to the royal box, in the covered grandstand roof, is the clock. The bullring has five gates, plus three more called "toriles", from where the bulls enter the arena. The door of "cuadrillas", between "tendidos" 3 and 4, has access to the horse yard. In this door, the "paseillo" starts and the "picadores"(who punish the bull with the lance) come out from here to the arena ("suerte de varas"). The dragging door, that leads to the skinning room, is between "tendidos" 1 and 2. The famous "Puerta Grande" (Big Door), also called the Door of Madrid, is between "tendidos" 7 and 8. This door is the one that the triumphant bullfighters are taken out of the bullring. It is the door of success, the door that every bullfighter wants to cross, especially in San Isidro Feast.

西班牙鬥牛 Toros

馬德里的鬥牛季節是在5月15(Fiestas de San Isidro - 馬德里的守護聖人日)開始，每天都有。我是自己直接去鬥牛場買票，鬥牛的價錢從五、六歐元到幾百歐元都有，完全看那場鬥牛賽，鬥牛士的資格及鬥牛的年齡來區分。另外在同一場鬥牛賽裡，除了座位的前後，座位通常分三區，最便宜的sol(陽光下)、最貴的sombra(陰暗)、價錢中等首孓soly sombra(半場有陽光直曬，半場陰暗)。 因為鬥牛賽通常是在晚上將近七、八點開始，在五月的西班牙，太陽在八、九點下山。若坐在陽光區，除了剛開始的熱，到後來得直視太陽，真的很不舒服。我買在soly sombra,剛開始陽光直曬是真的很熱、很不舒服，但後來陽光移動後就很舒服。鬥牛是一種藝術，是一祭典，是一種人與獸的競爭，好的鬥牛士可表現人與獸互動間的力與美，當然不好的鬥牛士，就是一種屠殺，只是不一定是人殺牛，也可能是牛殺人。鬥牛絕對不是單純的殺牛，所以資淺鬥牛士的表演通常價格就要便宜很多。馬德里的鬥牛場是西班牙最大的鬥牛場，真的可以說是金碧輝煌。在西班牙鬥牛士是很崇高的職業，但在馬德里的鬥牛場表演，則是最高的榮譽。
@Bull fighting in Spain

So what happens during a bullfight?:

Firstly the bull is let into the ring. Then, the top bullfighter called the Matador, watches his chief assistant wave a bright yellow and magenta cape in front of the bull to make it charge. He watches this in order to determine the bull's qualities and mood, before taking over himself.
Then a trumpet is sounded and several fighters called Picadores weaken the bull by placing spears into it. This takes around 10 minutes.
Another trumpet is sounded and the Matador now removes his black winged hat and dedicates the death of the bull to the president or the crowd before beginning his faena.
The faena which is the most beautiful and skillful section of the fight and where the matador must prove his courage and artistry. The faena consists of a running at the Matador carrying a muleta. This is a piece of thick crimson cloth draped over a short stick, which can be held in either the left hand or draped over the espada, the killing sword, which is always held in the right hand. Usually the muleta, in left or right hand, is first held in front of the matador to make the bull charge and is then swung across and away from the matador's body hopefully taking the bull with it.
This is a show, basically a dance with death - one wrong move and the Matador could become impaled on the horns of the bull. It is the Matador's job to make this dance dramatic and enjoyable for the audience.
The faena continues until the Matador has demonstrated his superiority over the bull. Once this is achieved the bull is ready to be killed.

聖家堂 Gaudi's Sagrada Famila

西洋建築-聖家堂　(ppt. file)
http://www.general.nsysu.edu.tw/tai/06-Special_Topics/03-good_homework/14.ppt

位在巴塞隆納的聖家贖罪教堂，高聳的尺度和奇幻式的意象，都是建築師高第發揮想像力的鉅作。高第自1884年開始主持這個計劃，直到1926年去世。聖家堂歌頌了基督的神聖家族以及天主教信仰的神祕力量。由正立面鐘樓雙塔圍繞拱頂結構而成的複雜幾何形，創造了石材和混凝土巧妙的流動效果，向上昇高直衝雲霄的頂端尖塔，表面有五彩繽紛的陶釉，更增加了夢幻感，其規模和氣勢都足以和歐洲中世紀的歌德教堂匹敵。這件作品歷經改朝換代和社會的變遷仍不斷的持續施工，展現出加泰隆尼亞民族文化的活力。


安東尼．高第(Antoni Gaudí i Cornet，1852-1926)是西班牙最為人所熟知的建築師之一，他花費畢生43年精力所建造的聖家堂，早已成為當地的地標！在巴塞隆納市區及近郊，高第的作品總計有12處之多，走一趟巴塞隆納，就能走進高第熱愛大自然、只有曲線沒有直線的世界。
高第出生於鑄鐵匠之家，雖然自幼便習得一手好的鍛鐵技術，但從小便勵志學習建築，在出生地雷烏斯(Reus)唸完小學後，他當過短期的打鐵工人，1869年到巴塞隆納學習建築，1873年才取得巴塞隆納省立建築學校的入學許可，順利地在1878年取得建築師執照，此後至死幾乎都在巴塞隆納工作生活，未曾離開。
他不僅為巴塞隆納打造了十多座的精采建築，身後也留下一座未完成的作品－聖家堂，讓世人無限景仰、感嘆！目前西班牙人正積極為他向教廷爭取「聖者」的封號！
高第期望自己的作品能喚醒存在於人類心中的直覺潛能，雖受英國美術大師羅斯金(John Ruskin，1819-1900)自然主義學說和新藝術風格(Art Nouveau)的影響，但他心中那股濃烈的加泰隆尼亞民族意識，和來自蒙特瑟瑞(Montserrat)聖石山的靈感泉源，卻與他的作品密不可分。
高第的過人之處，就在於他不但能結合傳統與當代的各種建築風格，還同時保有原創力，在技術上做大膽的突破，並運用精彩、獨特而且深富創意的裝飾，讓每一件作品從建材、型式、到門、角、窗、牆等任何一處細部，都獨一無二，也因此高第的建築風格很難被歸類，也莫怪乎他能得到「建築史上的但丁」雅號。
而讓高第擁有源源不絕的創意及不停超越自己的動力，則是「大自然」。
高第曾說：「藝術必須出自於大自然，因為大自然已為人們創造出最獨美麗的造形。」高第的作品常使用大量的陶瓷磚瓦和天然石料，以令人信服的建築語彙，如：建築的門、窗、柱、廊、牆等，和豐沛的想像力創造出屬於高第式的建築。
他認為大自然界是沒有直線存在的，直線屬於人類而曲線才屬於上帝，因此凡是他落實於自然理論的建築作品始終令人眼睛發亮，在百多年後的今天卻絲毫沒有古蹟之感。斯人已遠，作品不朽，或許正因他這回歸自然的理念！
於是，造訪高第建築，毋須懂得複雜艱深的建築理論，只消穿雙耐走的好鞋，帶個望遠鏡，用眼睛和真心去感覺她作品中流動的線條和夢幻的色彩，無論彩磚或鑄鐵，都能讓你雀躍不已！

【巴塞隆納高第建築作品年表】
年代(西元)
建築作品
1883-1888
文生之家Casa Vicens
1884-1887
奎爾別墅Finca Guell
1884-1926
聖家堂Sagrada Família
1886-1889
奎爾宮Palau Guell
1888-1894
聖德雷沙學院Collegi de les Teresianes
1898-1904
卡佛之家Casa Calvet
1898-1915
奎爾紡織村及教堂Colonia Guell
1900-1902
貝列斯夸爾德Bellesguard
1900-1914
奎爾公園Park Güell
1901-1902
米拉勒之門Puerta de la Finca Miralles
1904-1906
巴由之家Casa Batlló
1906-1910
米拉之家Casa Milà
1909-1910
聖家堂教會學校Sagrada Familia Parish School

@ Gaudi 2002 website: http://www.salvador-dali.org/eng/index.html
@ Gaudi in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaudi

西班牙彿朗明哥舞蹈 Flamenco

Flamenco這個古老而奇特的音樂，究竟溯源於何時，眾說紛紜，無法正確考證。只知在幾世紀前，佛拉明哥音樂誕生於西班牙的安達魯西亞（Andalucía） 。一般推測在西元1449年有一批吉普賽人 到西班牙，定居在安達魯西亞，同時也帶來了美妙而粗獷的音樂，一種雜柔了悽哀、熱情、奔放、沈緩等各種情感及節奏的樂曲，也沾染了一些波西米亞、匈牙利地方色彩。而安達魯西亞本身的 音樂則是承襲了古老的西班牙音樂-是摩爾、拜占庭、猶太、伊比利半島及其他地中海文化的混合物。所以西班牙音樂家法雅 (Manuel de Falla)就以上的因素歸納出佛拉明哥的三大起源︰拜占庭的教堂音樂、摩爾人的入侵、及吉普賽人的遷入。 構成Flamenco的三大靈魂是吉他、舞蹈、歌唱。而這些都須伴有感情和節奏、氣氛及靈氣。傳統的佛拉明哥演出，通常是在小酒館裡，歌手唱著傳統的曲子，吉他手伴著歌手的演唱彈奏，有時即興來上一段美妙的旋律（falsetas）與歌曲呼應。而舞者可以以拍手和著節奏，或進而起身舞上一段，以腳踩地做出繁複而扣人心弦的韻律。由於歌曲和吉他樂聲時而哀悽、時而歡愉，舞者情緒融入其中，上身肢體變有極富戲劇性的表情與手部動作。

最著名的佛朗明哥舞劇─卡門 「卡門」這樣的女人在劇中是萬萬愛不得，是捉摸不定、不受拘束的愛情騙子，一旦男人愛上了卡門，就難逃情感上的創傷，但是這部家喻戶曉的佛朗明哥舞劇一定會讓你愛上他。「如果我愛妳，妳會愛我嗎？」唐荷西這樣問著卡門，這段荒誕激情的情慾舞劇，讓唐荷西失去了原有的愛情，卻也在尋找新戀情時犧牲自由，除了佛朗明哥舞劇原有的音樂激情與節奏感動，「卡門」這部經典著作，更能激起你心中沉澱已久的激情，代表著安達魯西亞的舞劇，是你畢生一定要感受的經典名劇。

Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture into Architecture

Santiago Calatrava 於1951年出生在西班牙。他於出生地 Valencia 修讀藝術和建築學﹐畢業後於歐洲數個城市再修讀城市規劃和土木工程。他沒有同時選修多於一個科目﹐而實行一科接著一科修讀的原因是﹐據他自己的說法是他無法一心二用。1981年﹐他於瑞士蘇黎世開設了他的事務所﹐除了實在的項目外﹐他還不斷參加建築設計比賽。不久﹐他就贏得了幾個比賽的冠軍﹐包括﹕瑞士蘇黎世的Stadelhofen 火車站和西班牙巴塞隆拿的 Bach de Roda 橋。後者是由1992年巴塞隆拿奧運會籌委會舉辦的比賽﹐亦奠定了他在國際上的聲譽和知名度。
由於 Calatrava 擁有建築師和工程師的雙重身份﹐他對結構和建築美學之間的互動有著準繩的掌握。他認為美態能夠由力學的工程設計表達出來﹐而大自然之中﹐林木蟲鳥的形態美觀﹐同時亦有著驚人的力學效率。所以﹐他常常以大自然作為他設計時啟發靈感的泉源。

畢爾包機場航廈
畢爾包步行橋
Valencia科學城
里斯本車站
密爾瓦基美術館新館
里昂機場高鐵車站
雅典奥運主運動場
HSB Turning Torso

@ Santiago Calatrava in Wikipedia